A Net-Like Mark From a Heating Pad: Address the Heat Before Cosmetic Treatment

If you have been resting a heating pad, hot water bottle, space heater, heated car seat, or warm laptop against the same patch of skin for weeks or months—and a lace-like, fishnet-shaped pink, red, or brown pattern has appeared right where the warmth sits—the most likely explanation is erythema ab igne (EAI), sometimes called "toasted skin syndrome." Unlike a thermal burn, erythema ab igne develops from repeated or prolonged exposure to heat below the burn threshold: a 2025 narrative review puts the usual range at roughly 43–47 °C, and a 2022 case report describes it as below about 45 °C (113 °F). Because the skin never blisters from a single session, people often keep applying the heat while searching for a brightening cream or clinic laser to erase the stain.

That instinct reverses the clinical order of operations. Across dermatology references and the peer-reviewed case literature, the primary treatment—and the precondition for any aesthetic procedure—is removing the heat source. Early, blanchable pink-red netting can fade over days to months once thermal contact stops (one published heating-pad case had resolved by an 18-month follow-up visit), whereas long-standing, fixed brown pigmentation can linger indefinitely. Prescription topicals (such as tretinoin or hydroquinone) rest on review-level recommendations and individual cases, and pigment-targeted lasers (low-fluence 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG; a 755-nm picosecond laser) rest on single-patient reports rather than controlled trials. They belong only after the heat stops and a clinician has confirmed the diagnosis. Finally, any spot within the net-like patch that thickens, crusts, ulcerates, or grows needs prompt medical examination and biopsy: squamous cell carcinoma and other skin cancers have rarely been reported inside chronic erythema ab igne, typically 10 to 30 years after the rash first appeared.

The short answer: what a net-like heating-pad mark is

DermNet New Zealand's clinical overview of erythema ab igne defines the condition as a skin reaction to chronic exposure to infrared radiation in the form of heat, at levels too low to cause a burn. Historically, the rash was seen on the legs of people who sat close to coal stoves, open fires, or peat stoves for warmth (CMAJ, 2010; Wipf et al., JAAD Case Reports, 2022). Today, Aria et al. (Cureus, 2018) describe laptops and heating pads as the most common causes, and the case literature adds hot water bottles, electric blankets, under-desk space heaters, heated car seats, and furniture with built-in heaters (DermNet NZ; Forouzan et al., Cureus, 2020).

Why does gentle heat leave a fishnet imprint instead of a uniform patch of redness? A 2025 narrative review in Life places the causative heat "around but below the burn threshold" at roughly 43–47 °C, and notes that heating pads, hot water bottles, and heated car seats typically reach 43–50 °C when applied directly to the skin (less when wrapped in a towel or fabric cover), while laptop surfaces can reach 40–47 °C. Wipf et al. (2022) describe the same threshold as below about 45 °C (113 °F). At these temperatures a single session does not blister the skin. Instead, the reticulated pattern "correlates with a vascular pattern" (Aria et al., 2018), and the Life review explains that the pigmented lace bands reflect local congestion in the skin's superficial veins. The exact mechanism is not fully understood, but repeated warming of that vascular network is what traces the net onto the skin surface.

For a patient comparing aesthetic options, the most helpful way to approach a heating-pad mark is a strict four-step clinical sequence: identify the heat-source pattern, stop the thermal exposure, treat residual pigment only after the skin has stabilized (and with clear-eyed awareness of how limited the cosmetic evidence is), and triage any textural change or underlying pain to a physician.

flowchart TD
    A["Notice a net-like pink, red, or brown mark on the skin"] --> B{"Does it match where a heating pad, bottle, heater, seat, or laptop touched or faced the skin?"}
    B -- "No clear heat source, or it extends beyond the contact area" --> C["Medical evaluation for net-like look-alikes, for example livedo reticularis, livedo racemosa, or vasculitis"]
    B -- "Yes: consistent with erythema ab igne" --> D{"Any red flags? Thickening, scaling, ulceration, a lump, a non-healing sore, or unexplained worsening pain"}
    D -- "Yes" --> E["Prompt physician exam: biopsy of changing skin to rule out dysplasia or skin cancer, and evaluation of the pain driving heat use"]
    D -- "No: flat, intact reticulated patch" --> F["Step 1: Stop heat on the affected skin"]
    F --> G{"Check the stage after the heat stops"}
    G -- "Early: pink or red bands that blanch when pressed" --> H["Monitor for natural fading, reported from days to 18 months after stopping heat"]
    G -- "Fixed: brown pigment that does not blanch" --> I["Optional clinician-guided discussion: prescription topicals or case-level pigment lasers, with Fitzpatrick IV-VI precautions"]

The pattern that names it: heat source, location, and time

Erythema ab igne is primarily a clinical diagnosis built on two matching pieces of evidence: a history of repeated heat exposure and a skin distribution that mirrors the footprint of the heat source (Aria et al., 2018; Forouzan et al., Cureus 2020). Biopsy is not usually required, and its findings are supportive rather than specific; it is mainly used to rule out mimics such as cutaneous vasculitis or to examine areas suspected of malignant change (Milchak et al., Case Reports in Medicine, 2016; CMAJ, 2010). What clinches the recognition is the geometry of the rash.

For example, in a case reported in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ, 2010), a 49-year-old man who used an electric heating pad overnight developed a blanchable, reticulated patch on his abdomen in a strikingly rectangular pattern. In Aria et al. (2018), a 76-year-old woman who often lay on an electric heating pad for six or more consecutive hours developed reddish-brown reticulated patches in a cape-like distribution down her back. A space heater under a work desk marked the front and back of both lower legs in a 48-year-old woman (Forouzan et al., 2020), and in a laptop case cited in the same review, the reticular pigmentation on a 21-year-old woman's thighs was more pronounced under the laptop's heating element on the left side.

Just as important for readers asking "How long does it take to get toasted skin syndrome?" is the candid conclusion from Aria et al. (2018): there is no precise data on how long heating-pad use must continue before erythema ab igne develops. The Life review describes the interval between heat exposure and the rash as "largely variable (weeks to years)." Published cases range from a single overnight heating-pad session producing transient early redness, to weekly heating-pad use over six months, to six or more consecutive hours at a time for months, to more than eight hours daily for three years, to more than two decades of daily use. The table below summarizes the heat sources, body sites, exposure patterns, and outcomes documented in the cases cited in this article.

Stage check: early red lace versus fixed brown pigment

When readers ask whether a heating-pad mark will go away on its own, the answer depends heavily on where the skin sits along the clinical progression of erythema ab igne. Across DermNet New Zealand, CMAJ (2010), Wipf et al. (2022), and the 2025 Life review, the condition evolves through three recognizable phases as cumulative thermal exposure continues:

1. Early phase — transient, blanchable reticulated erythema: Repeated exposure to sub-burn heat first produces "a transient, blanchable, reticulated erythema" (CMAJ 2010). The skin shows a pink or light-red lace pattern that blanches (briefly fades when pressed) because the color still sits in dilated blood vessels. If the heat source is removed during this window, the outlook for spontaneous fading is favorable: the overnight heating-pad patch in CMAJ (2010) faded over four days, and DermNet NZ notes that mildly affected areas resolve on their own over several months.

2. Intermediate phase — fixed reticulated hyperpigmentation: With continued exposure, lesions become fixed, non-blanching, hyperpigmented patches (Wipf et al., 2022). Biopsy specimens can show melanin and hemosiderin (iron-rich pigment left behind by red blood cells) in the dermis, along with epidermal and dermal atrophy (CMAJ 2010; Aria et al., 2018). Clinically, the lace bands turn dusky brown or violaceous-brown and no longer blanch under pressure. Stopping the heat at this stage prevents further progression, and some pigmented cases still clear: Aria's first patient, who had reddish-brown patches after months of lying on a heating pad, had resolved lesions at an 18-month follow-up. But the 2025 Life review cautions that the reticular pigmentation "may persist indefinitely or slowly fade," and in a laptop case cited by Forouzan et al. (2020), the pigmentation did not fade after exposure stopped.

3. Late phase — atrophy, telangiectasias, hyperkeratosis, and atypia: After years of continued exposure, the skin can thin (atrophy), develop permanent surface vessels within the net (telangiectasias), and show rough scaling (hyperkeratosis), blisters (bullae), or keratinocyte atypia under the microscope (Wipf et al., 2022; Milchak et al., 2016; DermNet NZ). DermNet notes that when the condition is severe and the skin is pigmented and atrophic, resolution is unlikely, so the priority shifts from cosmetic fading to long-term skin surveillance.

This shift from vessel dilation to fixed dermal pigment explains why erythema ab igne does not behave like ordinary acne marks. Early blanchable EAI shares a vascular component with post-inflammatory erythema (PIE), whereas chronic brown EAI involves dermal melanin—comparable in part to post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) after aesthetic procedures—plus hemosiderin and heat-altered elastic tissue. Kim et al. (2013) point out that hydroquinone works by blocking new melanin synthesis, so it does little to pigment that has already been deposited; brightening products aimed at melanin production cannot be expected to clear dilated vessels or hemosiderin.

Why the first treatment is removing the heat, not booking a laser

Patients who visit an aesthetics clinic or medical spa for a brown net-like mark on the back, abdomen, or legs often ask to start a chemical peel, intense pulsed light (IPL) series, or pigment laser right away. Every source reviewed for this article points the other way: eliminating the heat source is the primary treatment and the prerequisite for everything else (DermNet NZ; Aria et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2013; Life 2025).

There are three practical reasons why removing the heat comes before any clinic intervention:

• Continuing heat keeps the injury going: Kim et al. (2013) note that removing heat is what prevents progression, and that if exposure continues, the pigment changes may persist and advance to a severe chronic stage with atrophy or malignancy. None of the published treatment reports tested a laser or topical on skin still receiving daily heat, so there is no evidence that cosmetic treatment can outpace ongoing exposure.

• Heat-damaged skin is not an evidence-tested treatment site: Chronic EAI can thin the epidermis and dermis (CMAJ 2010). Because no study has examined peels, IPL, or lasers on skin that is still being heated daily, the cautious approach is to let the skin stabilize first—similar in spirit to postponing elective procedures during an active eczema flare until inflammation settles.

• Time after stopping heat separates self-resolving marks from stubborn ones: Aria's first patient—12 months of heating-pad use, often lying on the pad for six or more hours at a time—had resolved lesions by her 18-month follow-up after stopping the pad, with no cosmetic treatment reported (Aria et al., 2018). Waiting several months after discontinuing heat avoids paying to treat a mark that may already be on track to fade.

If you still need the heat: the numbers that lower the risk

Telling someone to "just stop using the heating pad" is straightforward in a textbook but often difficult in real life. In Wipf et al. (2022), even after a patient developed multifocal squamous cell carcinoma inside a 15-year heating-pad rash and underwent Mohs surgery, he continued daily heating-pad use, saying it was the only treatment that helped his chronic back pain. The 2025 Life review describes patients with endometriosis who rely on long-term, recurrent heat for pelvic pain; its case patient used heating pads four to five hours a day and sometimes overnight.

If your physician agrees that heat remains part of your symptom management on unaffected skin—or while you transition to other pain care—published case reviews and the safe-use guidance they cite offer specific numerical and physical boundaries (Milchak et al., 2016; Aria et al., 2018; Life 2025):

• Know the causative temperature zone: A heating pad does not need to feel scalding to cause erythema ab igne. The Life review places the causative band at roughly 43–47 °C and notes that pads, hot water bottles, and heated seats typically reach 43–50 °C when applied directly, with lower temperatures when wrapped in a towel or fabric cover.

• Limit sessions to 15–20-minute intervals and no more than 30 minutes: Milchak et al. (2016) cite safe-practice guidance that heating pads be used in 15- to 20-minute intervals and never exceed 30 minutes in one session, and Aria et al. (2018) likewise note a general recommendation not to exceed 30 minutes. Give the skin cooling breaks between intervals rather than running a pad for hours.

• Place the heating pad on top of—not underneath—the body part: Milchak et al. (2016), citing FDA heating-pad safety information, recommend placing the pad on top of a body part rather than lying on it, because trapped heat raises the temperature and the risk of erythema ab igne.

• Avoid falling asleep on an active pad: A 30-minute session limit cannot be kept while asleep, and overnight use features in published cases, including the rectangular abdominal patch in CMAJ (2010) and the endometriosis case in the Life review.

• Put distance between skin and space heaters, laptops, and heated seats: The patient in Forouzan et al. (2020) was advised to stop using the space heater under her desk immediately. Keep heaters away from the legs, avoid resting a laptop directly on bare thighs, and avoid running a heated seat for long periods against the same skin.

What can be done for lingering pigment — and how strong the evidence is

Once the heat source has been completely removed and a clinician has confirmed that the mark is benign erythema ab igne without suspicious thickening or ulceration, some patients still have a flat, net-like brown imprint months later. Before spending money on prescription creams or laser packages, it helps to examine what the peer-reviewed literature actually shows. There are no randomized controlled trials for any cosmetic treatment of erythema ab igne pigmentation. Every medical or energy-based option rests on narrative review synthesis or single-patient case reports.

Topical agents: tretinoin, hydroquinone, and what 5-FU is actually for

Clinical reviews including DermNet New Zealand, CMAJ (2010), and the 2025 Life review note that prescription topical retinoids (such as tretinoin) and topical hydroquinone may be considered by a clinician to improve the appearance of persistent hyperpigmentation after heat exposure has stopped. Tretinoin promotes epidermal cell turnover and dispersion of epidermal melanin granules, while hydroquinone inhibits tyrosinase to slow new melanin production.

However, three limitations documented in the literature matter here:

• Topical fading agents alone can fail on established EAI pigment: In the laser case report by Kim et al. (Medical Lasers, 2013), a 42-year-old woman with heater-induced EAI on both legs was first treated with topical hydroquinone alone for one month, which the authors describe as "definitely not effective" before low-fluence laser therapy was added. They reasoned that hydroquinone inhibits the formation of new melanin, while EAI pigment has already been deposited in the skin.

• 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and imiquimod are for dysplasia, not cosmetic fading: Some summaries list 5-fluorouracil or imiquimod alongside hydroquinone as "treatments for erythema ab igne." That conflates precancer management with cosmetic brightening. CMAJ (2010), Wipf et al. (2022), and the 2025 Life review describe 5-FU (and, in the Life review, imiquimod) as options when epithelial atypia or keratinocyte dysplasia is present, with Wipf noting that 5-FU may help prevent progression to squamous cell carcinoma. These are prescription medical therapies that deliberately provoke skin inflammation; they are not cosmetic pigment erasers.

• Pregnancy precaution: The 2025 Life review notes that during pregnancy, topical therapies with hydroquinone, retinoids, imiquimod, and 5-fluorouracil are generally not recommended, and a wait-and-see approach is preferable.

Laser and energy-based treatments: single-case evidence and skin-of-color limits

As Kim et al. (2013) noted, established erythema ab igne skin changes were long regarded as irreversible with no effective treatment, although a few laser-treated cases had recently been reported. The published reports describe pigment-selective lasers used after heat exposure stopped:

• Low-fluence 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser plus hydroquinone: In Kim et al. (2013), a 42-year-old Asian woman with erythematous-to-brown reticulated EAI on both legs from a workplace electronic heater—and no improvement after one month of topical hydroquinone alone—was treated at monthly intervals with a 1,064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at low fluence (1.8 J/cm², 8-mm spot, two passes) while applying 4% hydroquinone cream nightly. After four sessions, the reticulated lesions were almost cleared, with no treatment-related problems reported. The authors cite an earlier report of success with the same low-fluence approach, and the 2025 Life review also lists Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for persistent lesions. Because the laser and hydroquinone were combined, the case cannot show what the laser achieved on its own.

• 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser: A published letter by Fernández-Domper et al. (Lasers in Medical Science, 2021/2022) reports erythema ab igne successfully treated with a 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser. The indexed record is a letter without controlled comparison data, and its session counts and follow-up could not be verified from that record, so it shows feasibility in an individual patient rather than a reproducible protocol.

When the mark needs a doctor rather than a clinic

Most heating-pad marks are benign reminders of chronic warmth. However, there are two distinct medical reasons why a net-like heat rash sometimes belongs in a physician's examination room rather than an aesthetics consultation: late cutaneous malignancy arising inside the rash, and the underlying pain condition that made daily heat necessary in the first place.

Skin cancer within chronic erythema ab igne: real enough to biopsy, rare enough not to panic

Cutaneous malignancy arising within erythema ab igne is, in the words of Wipf et al. (JAAD Case Reports, 2022), "a well-known but rare phenomenon." Its mechanism is poorly understood; one proposed explanation is that heat activates heat shock proteins that reduce keratinocyte cell death and promote proliferation (Wipf et al., 2022; Life 2025). Across Wipf et al. (2022), Aria et al. (2018), CMAJ (2010), and the 2025 Life review, four types of malignancy have been reported within long-standing erythema ab igne, typically 10 to 30 years after the rash began (Forouzan et al., 2020 also cite a squamous cell carcinoma in a woman with 35 years of winter stove exposure):

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): The most commonly reported malignancy in chronic EAI. In Wipf et al. (2022), a 48-year-old man with 22 years of daily heating-pad use for back pain and a 15-year rash on his lower back had an SCC biopsied within the rash four years earlier that was never treated. At presentation, two eroded, thickened areas over the sacrum were moderately differentiated SCC, removed together by Mohs micrographic surgery with clear margins. The authors estimated the time from rash to cancer at about 11 years.

• Merkel cell carcinoma: A rare, aggressive neuroendocrine skin cancer, reported within EAI in published case reports (Aria et al., 2018; Milchak et al., 2016; CMAJ 2010).

• Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma: Both have also been reported in isolated cases arising within chronic EAI (Wipf et al., 2022); the Life review also lists BCC among possible malignant transformations.

How worried should a reader be? The 2025 Life review provides an essential counterweight: the association between erythema ab igne and malignant transformation is supported only by low-level evidence, and the overall cancer risk is undefined—no population incidence rate exists. Developing a net-like mark after a winter of heating-pad use is not a cancer diagnosis. What the case literature does establish is a practical rule: any area inside an erythema ab igne patch that thickens, develops rough scaling, ulcerates, bleeds, forms a nodule, or fails to heal should be examined by a physician and biopsied (Aria et al., 2018; Milchak et al., 2016; CMAJ 2010; DermNet NZ). For long-standing plaques, the management framework in the Life review suggests dermatology follow-up every 6 to 12 months, sooner if ulceration appears.

When the heating pad is a clue to under-treated internal pain

The second medical takeaway is that the rash is a visible footprint of whatever pain is making someone reach for heat every day. The 2025 Life review frames erythema ab igne on the lower abdomen or back as a cutaneous marker of chronic heat use in patients with endometriosis, warning that heavy reliance on home heat may delay medical consultation or mask progression of the underlying disease. Aria et al. (2018) note that a malignancy workup may be needed when there is a high suspicion that a heating pad is being used for pain from an underlying primary cancer, metastatic disease, or chronic pancreatitis. The cases in this article illustrate the range: the heat was relieving pain from uterine fibroids, an acute porphyria flare, deep endometriosis, a work-related back injury, and generalized pain with no identified cause.

That does not mean a heating-pad mark implies internal disease—many people use a pad for familiar back strain or menstrual cramps. It does mean that if you need a heating pad six to eight hours a day to get through persistent, worsening, or unexplained pain, bringing that pain history to a physician is just as important as resting your skin.

Look-alikes worth knowing about (and why self-diagnosis has limits)

Not every net-like or mottled skin pattern is erythema ab igne. Several vascular, autoimmune, and congenital conditions produce reticulated markings on the trunk and limbs, and Aria et al. (2018) stress that knowing these mimics is what separates benign EAI from "more worrisome entities that would require further evaluation." A clinician distinguishes EAI from the following look-alikes (Aria et al., 2018; CMAJ 2010; Milchak et al., 2016):

• Livedo reticularis: A mottled, net-like, typically uniform and symmetric pattern, mainly on the limbs, that can be physiologic, idiopathic, or linked to an underlying disease such as antiphospholipid syndrome (Aria et al., 2018). The physiologic form appears with cold exposure and disappears with local warming, whereas pathologic livedo reticularis persists (Life 2025). Unlike EAI, it is not confined to a heat-contact zone.

• Livedo racemosa: A permanent, irregular, "broken" net pattern that is more widespread, mainly on the proximal limbs and trunk. As Aria et al. (2018) detail in their differential table, it can be associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sneddon syndrome, so it needs a medical workup.

• Cutis marmorata and cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC): Cutis marmorata is a fluctuating, mottled pattern in newborns and infants triggered by cold and relieved by rewarming. CMTC is a congenital, persistent reticulated vascular pattern, usually limited to one limb, that can be associated with limb asymmetry and other vascular, neurologic, or eye abnormalities and usually improves with time (Aria et al., 2018).

• Poikiloderma and port-wine stain: CMAJ (2010) and Kim et al. (2013) list poikiloderma and port-wine stain among the differentials. Late-stage EAI combines pigment change, telangiectasias, and atrophy, which can resemble poikiloderma; on the sun-exposed sides of the neck and upper chest, the familiar pattern is poikiloderma of Civatte, which has a sun-damage rather than heat-contact history. Early localized EAI can also superficially resemble a flat vascular birthmark such as a port-wine stain.

• Cutaneous vasculitis: Because biopsy findings in EAI are nonspecific, Milchak et al. (2016) describe biopsy as most useful for excluding mimics such as cutaneous vasculitis. The Life review recommends taking the sample from the central area of the lesion rather than the rings, and in its case report, screening tests for lupus, ANCA vasculitis, and antiphospholipid syndrome were done alongside the biopsy that confirmed EAI.

Questions to bring to your provider

Whether you are booking a medical dermatology visit to evaluate a persistent heating-pad rash or consulting a physician-led aesthetics practice months after stopping heat exposure, walking in with a clear exposure log turns a vague cosmetic inquiry into a focused clinical evaluation. Based on the diagnostic and surveillance frameworks in Milchak et al. (2016), Wipf et al. (2022), and the 2025 Life review, prepare the following five points before your appointment:

1. Document your exact heat-source timeline: Write down which device touched or faced the skin (electric heating pad, hot water bottle, under-desk space heater, heated car seat, or laptop), approximately how many hours per day and months or years you used it, whether you lay on top of the pad, and the exact date you stopped thermal contact.

2. Ask your clinician to confirm the stage and check for blanching or atrophy: Ask, "Does this patch still have a blanchable vascular component that is likely to fade on its own after stopping heat, or is it fixed dermal melanin/hemosiderin or atrophic skin?"

3. Ask whether any area inside the rash warrants a skin biopsy: Point out any spot that feels rough, scaly, thickened, crusted, or tender, and ask, "Is there any focal hyperkeratosis, ulceration, or atypical change here that should be biopsied to rule out squamous atypia or skin cancer—or a mimic like vasculitis?"

4. Agree on a skin monitoring interval if the pigment is chronic: If you used heat for years and the reticulated plaque is fixed, ask, "What self-check signs should prompt an early visit, and should we check this site at a regular 6- to 12-month dermatology interval?"

5. Separate pain management and cosmetic timing: If daily heat was the only thing keeping back, pelvic, or abdominal pain bearable, ask your primary care physician or specialist about targeted diagnostic evaluation and non-thermal pain strategies. If the heat is already behind you and you are asking about tretinoin, hydroquinone, or low-fluence laser therapy, ask the treating dermatologist directly how your Fitzpatrick skin type and the single-case evidence base affect your realistic odds of fading versus post-inflammatory pigment change.

Sources

1. DermNet New Zealand Trust. Erythema ab igne.

2. Cureus. Erythema Ab Igne from Heating Pad Use: A Report of Three Clinical Cases and a Differential Diagnosis (Cureus 2018;10(5):e2635).

3. Case Reports in Medicine (Hindawi). Erythema Ab Igne due to Heating Pad Use: A Case Report and Review of Clinical Presentation, Prevention, and Complications (Case Rep Med 2016:1862480).

4. Canadian Medical Association Journal. Erythema ab igne (CMAJ 2010;182(5):E228).

5. Cureus. Heater-Associated Erythema Ab Igne: Case Report and Review of Thermal-Related Skin Conditions (Cureus 2020;12(5):e8057).

6. JAAD Case Reports. Malignant transformation of erythema ab igne (JAAD Case Rep 2022;26:85-87).

7. Life (MDPI). Erythema ab igne—A Potential Cutaneous Marker of Chronic Heat Use in Patients with Endometriosis: A Narrative Literature Review and a Case Report (Life 2025;15(10):1533).

8. Medical Lasers (Korean Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery). Treatment of Erythema Ab Igne with Combination of Topical Hydroquinone and 1,064-nm Q-switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Laser with Low Fluence (Med Lasers 2013;2(2):73-75).

9. Lasers in Medical Science (Springer). Erythema Ab Igne successfully treated with a 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser (Lasers Med Sci 2021 Nov 9;37(4):2321-2322).