Cherry Angioma Removal: PDL vs Nd:YAG vs Electrocautery, Cost, and When to Worry

A cherry angioma (historically referred to as a Campbell de Morgan spot, senile angioma, or ruby spot) is the most common benign vascular proliferation found in human skin. Epidemiology shows that these lesions appear in roughly 7% of adolescents, over 50% of adults by age 40, and up to 75% of individuals aged 75 and older. Although cherry angiomas are medically harmless and carry zero risk of malignant transformation, many individuals seek removal for cosmetic improvement, secondary irritation from clothing, or recurrent bleeding following minor physical trauma.

Navigating removal options requires an evidence-based clinical approach. Selecting an inappropriate destruction modality—such as applying high-fluence short-wavelength lasers to darker skin tones or aggressive cryotherapy to facial sites—can lead to permanent hypopigmentation, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), or textured atrophic scarring. Furthermore, while gradual accumulation of cherry angiomas is a benign hallmark of cutaneous aging, a sudden outbreak of multiple new lesions (eruptive cherry angiomatosis) warrants a systematic medical evaluation.

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At a Glance: Key Clinical & Evidence Summary

• Pathophysiology: Benign capillary proliferations residing in the upper papillary dermis. They are not melanocytic moles, viral warts, or premalignant skin lesions.
• Histologic Markers: Characterized by dilated thin-walled venules lined by flattened endothelial cells. Unlike infantile hemangiomas, cherry angiomas are GLUT-1 negative and express normal vascular markers (CD31, CD34).
• First-Line Laser Removal: Pulsed dye laser (PDL, 585–595 nm) is the primary clinical gold standard for Fitzpatrick I–III skin due to selective oxyhemoglobin photothermolysis, low procedure-related pain, and minimal scar risk.
• Skin-of-Color Safety Protocol: For Fitzpatrick IV–VI skin, long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser or insulated micro-electrocautery is preferred to bypass epidermal melanin and prevent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation.
• Out-of-Pocket Cost Structure: Because removal is deemed cosmetic by health plans, costs range from $150 to $600 per session depending on modality and lesion count. Insurance coverage applies only when diagnostic ambiguity requires excision or biopsy.
• Eruptive Red Flags: The abrupt eruption of dozens or hundreds of new angiomas over weeks (eruptive cherry angiomatosis) requires internal medical screening for lymphoproliferative disorders, immunosuppression (such as graft-versus-host disease), chemical exposures, or paraneoplastic phenomena.

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Vascular Physics & Selective Photothermolysis

To evaluate energy-based removal modalities objectively, clinicians rely on the principle of selective photothermolysis formulated by Anderson and Parrish. Selective destruction of a vascular target requires delivering a wavelength preferentially absorbed by the target chromophore (oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin) with a pulse duration equal to or shorter than the thermal relaxation time ($T_r$) of the target vessel.

       OXYHEMOGLOBIN ABSORPTION SPECTRUM & LASER WAVELENGTHS

  Absorption
    High  ^   [ 418 nm ] (Soret Band - High Epidermal Melanin Competition)
          |
          |   [ 542 nm / 577 nm ] (Q-Band Dual Absorption Peaks)
          |     - 532 nm KTP Laser
          |     - 585 / 595 nm Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL)
          |
    Low   +---------------------------------------------> Wavelength (nm)
              [ 1064 nm Nd:YAG ] (Deeper Dermal Penetration)

The thermal relaxation time of a capillary or venule depends directly on the square of its vessel diameter ($d$), expressed by the formula:

$$T_r = \frac{d^2}{16 \chi}$$

where $\chi$ represents the thermal diffusivity of cutaneous tissue ($\approx 1.3 \times 10^{-7} \text{ m}^2/\text{s}$). For typical cherry angioma capillaries measuring 80 to 150 µm in diameter, the thermal relaxation time ranges from 1 to 5 milliseconds. Delivering laser energy within this temporal window ensures that heat is confined strictly to the vessel lumen, inducing intravascular thrombosis and endothelial wall destruction while protecting surrounding dermal collagen.

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Histology, Pathophysiology, & Differential Diagnosis

Histopathologically, a cherry angioma begins as a localized proliferation of newly formed capillaries in the papillary dermis, directly beneath the dermoepidermal junction. As the lesion matures, the capillaries dilate into thin-walled, cavernous vascular channels separated by thin collagenous septa. The overlying epidermis is often thinned and may form a supportive epithelial collarette around the base of the papule.

                  HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF A CHERRY ANGIOMA
                  
  +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | STRATUM CORNEUM   [ Normal Outer Epidermal Barrier ]               |
  +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | EPIDERMIS         [ Thinned Stratum Malpighii / Epithelial Collar]|
  +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | PAPILLARY DERMIS  [ Dilated, Thin-Walled Capillary Loops ]        |
  |                   [ Flattened Endothelial Cells (GLUT-1 Negative) ]|
  |                   [ Erythrocytes Trapped in Lumen ]               |
  +-------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | RETICULAR DERMIS  [ Normal Dense Dermal Collagen Network ]        |
  +-------------------------------------------------------------------+

Endothelial cells lining cherry angiomas show normal mitotic activity without malignant atypia. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrates strong positivity for vascular endothelial markers CD31, CD34, and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Notably, cherry angiomas are GLUT-1 negative, cleanly distinguishing them from infantile hemangiomas which demonstrate strong GLUT-1 immunoreactivity.

Distinguishing Cherry Angiomas from Look-Alike Lesions

Accurate clinical recognition is necessary before undertaking any elective removal. The following matrix outlines key clinical features separating cherry angiomas from other vascular and pigmented cutaneous growths:

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Evidence-Based Removal Modalities: The Comparative Data

When evaluating treatment methods, dermatologists weigh therapeutic efficacy against side effect profiles, required session count, and scar potential. The primary clinical evidence base comes from a comprehensive 2020 systematic review in Dermatologic Surgery (Buslach & Foulad, PMID 33252464) analyzing 10 comparative clinical studies.

                      EVIDENCE-BASED SELECTION LADDER
                      
  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | STEP 1: CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS                                             |
  | Confirm lesion is a typical cherry angioma (rule out melanoma/PG)     |
  +------------------------------------------------------------------------+
                                     |
               +---------------------+---------------------+
               |                                           |
  FITZPATRICK SKIN TYPES I-III                FITZPATRICK SKIN TYPES IV-VI
               |                                           |
  +----------------------------+              +----------------------------+
  | First-Line: PDL (585/595)  |              | First-Line: 1064 nm Nd:YAG |
  | - Target: Oxyhemoglobin    |              | - Deep dermal penetration  |
  | - Lowest pain, low scar    |              | - Minimal melanin absorption|
  +----------------------------+              +----------------------------+
               |                                           |
  +----------------------------+              +----------------------------+
  | Alternatives:              |              | Alternatives:              |
  | - KTP 532 nm Laser         |              | - Insulated Electrocautery |
  | - Electrodessication       |              | - Low-fluence PDL w/ DCD   |
  +----------------------------+              +----------------------------+

1. Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL, 585–595 nm)

Pulsed dye lasers (such as the Vbeam Perfecta or Prima) emit light at 585 nm or 595 nm, matching the secondary absorption peak of oxyhemoglobin. Energy is delivered in short microsecond pulses that match the thermal relaxation time of 100–200 µm capillaries.

• Mechanism: Selective photothermolysis causes rapid intravascular coagulation and endothelial cell damage, leading to vessel thrombosis and subsequent macrophage phagocytosis without breaking the surface epidermis.
• Clinical Findings: The 2020 systematic review (Buslach & Foulad) found PDL was preferred over KTP and electrodessication because it caused less procedure-related pain, and that 1064 nm Nd:YAG produced fewer pigmentary complications; no single therapy was judged superior. Across the reviewed studies and broader clinical literature, PDL typically clears a typical cherry angioma in 1 to 3 sessions, though the review flagged that high-quality comparative trials are scarce.
• Parameters & Technique: Typical fluences range from 7.0 to 10.0 J/cm² with a 7 mm or 10 mm spot size and pulse durations of 0.45 to 1.5 ms. Immediate purpura (dark gray/purple blanching) confirms an adequate vascular endpoint.

2. Long-Pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG Laser

Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (1064 nm) light penetrates deeper into the reticular dermis (up to 3–4 mm) and is absorbed weakly by epidermal melanin, making it an essential vascular wavelength.

• Mechanism: Thermal energy targets hemoglobin deep within large or dome-shaped angioma vessels. Heat transfer induces transmural vessel wall necrosis.
• Clinical Findings: In comparative trials, 1064 nm Nd:YAG cleared thick, elevated cherry angiomas in a single pass far more effectively than 595 nm PDL. Furthermore, it demonstrated a markedly lower incidence of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) in patients with dark skin.
• Parameters & Technique: Spot sizes of 3 mm to 5 mm, pulse durations of 10 to 20 ms, and fluences of 110 to 150 J/cm² with contact cooling. The visual endpoint is immediate graying or flattening of the papule.

3. Electrocautery & Electrodessication

Electrosurgery utilizes high-frequency radiofrequency alternating current delivered via a fine needle electrode to desiccate tissue.

• Mechanism: Monopolar or bipolar current creates intense localized frictional heat, causing cellular dehydration and protein coagulation within the capillary lumen.
• Clinical Findings: Highly effective for clearing individual lesions in a single office visit. However, because electrical energy radiates non-selectively to surrounding dermal collagen, over-cauterization carries a higher risk of leaving a small, circular, depressed atrophic scar compared to vascular lasers.

4. Cryotherapy (Liquid Nitrogen)

Sub-zero liquid nitrogen (-196 °C) applied via open spray or cotton-tipped applicator induces intracellular ice crystal formation and microvascular occlusion.

• Mechanism: Cryo-necrosis destroys epidermal and dermal structures indiscriminately.
• Clinical Findings: While effective at flattening lesions, cryotherapy lacks selectivity. Melanocytes are uniquely sensitive to cold injury, making cryotherapy a high-risk option for skin of color due to permanent ring-shaped hypopigmentation (leukoderma) around the treatment area.

Comprehensive Modality Evaluation Matrix

For additional insights into selecting vascular lasers for cutaneous redness, review our detailed guide on how vascular lasers like Vbeam PDL and KTP are chosen for red lesions.

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Detailed Clinical Protocols & Operating Parameters

To achieve optimal clearance while avoiding complications, clinicians adhere to standardized operating protocols tailored to device physics and lesion geometry.

                      PDL vs. Nd:YAG OPERATING PROTOCOL
                      
  [Pulsed Dye Laser (595 nm)]             [Long-Pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG]
  - Spot Size: 7–10 mm                    - Spot Size: 3–5 mm
  - Pulse Duration: 0.45–1.5 ms           - Pulse Duration: 10–20 ms
  - Fluence: 7.0–10.0 J/cm²               - Fluence: 110–140 J/cm²
  - Cooling: Dynamic Cryogen (DCD)        - Cooling: Sapphire Contact Cooling
  - Endpoint: Immediate Purpura           - Endpoint: Immediate Graying/Duskiness

1. Pulsed Dye Laser Protocol (595 nm Vbeam)

1. Skin Preparation: Cleanse the target area with mild non-alcoholic cleanser. Ensure skin is entirely free of self-tanning products or heavy topicals.
2. Cooling Calibration: Set Dynamic Cooling Device (DCD) spray to 30 ms duration with a 20 ms delay to protect the epidermis.
3. Pass Technique: Deliver single non-overlapping pulses directly over each angioma. Large papules (> 3 mm) may receive a second pulse with a 10% overlap only if initial purpura is incomplete.
4. Post-Treatment Care: Apply plain white petrolatum or zinc-oxide barrier cream. Instruct patient to avoid aggressive hot showers, saunas, and strenuous exercise for 48 hours to prevent vessel re-expansion.

2. Long-Pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG Protocol

1. Anesthesia: Apply topical 4% lidocaine cream under occlusion for 30–45 minutes prior to treatment, as 1064 nm acoustic pulses cause higher discomfort.
2. Parameter Selection: For a 3 mm cherry angioma on Fitzpatrick IV skin, select 3 mm spot size, 15 ms pulse duration, and 120 J/cm² fluence.
3. Pulse Execution: Place the chilled sapphire window firmly against the papule. Deliver a single pulse.
4. Endpoint Verification: Observe for immediate duskiness, darkening, or slight retraction of the papule. If no change occurs after 30 seconds, increase fluence by 10% for a second pass. Never exceed 2 passes in a single session.

3. Electrodessication Operating Protocol

1. Local Anesthesia: Infiltrate 0.1 mL of 1% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine directly beneath the lesion using a 30G needle.
2. Device Setting: Set monopolar hyfrecator to low power (1.5 to 2.5 watts, desiccate mode).
3. Execution: Insert a sharp, fine-tipped insulated electrode into the apex of the central papule. Activate the foot switch for 0.2 to 0.5 seconds until the red papule turns pale white/blanch. Wipe away charred tissue with alcohol-soaked gauze.

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Post-Procedure Wound Management & Scar Mitigation

Following destructive or laser removal of cherry angiomas, proper post-procedure wound care is essential to promote rapid re-epithelialization and prevent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or scarring.

                 POST-PROCEDURE WOUND HEALING TIMELINE

  DAYS 1–3: PURPURA & MICRO-CRUSTING
  - Intravascular purpura (PDL) or superficial gray crust (cautery).
  - Apply petrolatum or zinc-oxide barrier cream twice daily.
                             |
  DAYS 4–7: EPIDERMAL RE-EPITHELIALIZATION
  - Superficial crusting sloughs off naturally.
  - Strictly prohibit picking, scrubbing, or exfoliating.
                             |
  WEEKS 2–6: ERYTHEMA RESOLUTION & SUN PROTECTION
  - Transient pink macular site resolves.
  - Apply broad-spectrum mineral sunscreen (SPF 50+) daily.

1. Moist Wound Healing Environment: Keep the treated site moist with plain petrolatum or zinc-oxide ointment for the first 5 days. Avoid topical neomycin or bacitracin ointments, which carry a high rate of allergic contact dermatitis.
2. Strict Non-Intervention with Scabs: Allow purpuric macules or pinpoint crusts to shed spontaneously. Forcible removal of crusts tears regenerating basement membrane tissue, markedly increasing scar risk.
3. UV Avoidance: Instruct patients to apply broad-spectrum physical mineral sunscreen (zinc oxide / titanium dioxide SPF 50+) to treated facial or body sites for at least 4 weeks post-treatment to avoid PIH.

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Skin-of-Color Protocol (Fitzpatrick IV–VI)

Treating cherry angiomas in darker skin tones requires strict parameter adjustment to avoid disrupting epidermal melanocytes located along the basal membrane.

              SKIN-OF-COLOR VASCULAR TREATMENT PROTOCOL
              
  +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
  | 1. WAVELENGTH SELECTION                                         |
  | Prefer 1064 nm Nd:YAG over 532 nm KTP to minimize epidermal     |
  | melanin absorption.                                             |
  +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
                                  |
  +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
  | 2. DYNAMIC EPIDERMAL COOLING                                    |
  | Utilize cryogen spray (DCD) 30-50 ms pre-pulse to protect       |
  | basal melanocytes from thermal conduction.                      |
  +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
                                  |
  +-----------------------------------------------------------------+
  | 3. INSULATED MICRO-ELECTROCAUTERY                               |
  | Insert insulated needle directly into pore to deliver energy    |
  | strictly inside the vascular core without heating epidermis.   |
  +-----------------------------------------------------------------+

1. Avoid Short Wavelengths: Wavelengths of 532 nm (KTP) are heavily absorbed by melanin. Applying 532 nm light to Fitzpatrick IV–VI skin frequently causes epidermal blistering and persistent hyperpigmentation.
2. Utilize Long-Pulsed 1064 nm Light: The lower absorption coefficient of melanin at 1064 nm allows laser energy to pass safely through the pigmented epidermis, concentrating thermal energy within deep angioma vessels.
3. Employ Pre- and Post-Cooling: Dynamic cooling devices (DCD) spraying tetrafluoroethane cryogen 30–50 milliseconds prior to laser pulse reduce basal layer temperature below the threshold for thermal injury.
4. Post-Procedure Topical Protocol: Following treatment, apply zinc-oxide physical sunscreen (SPF 50+) daily and avoid heat exposure for 7 days to mitigate post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

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Eruptive Cherry Angiomas: Clinical Red Flags & Systemic Workup

While the gradual development of cherry angiomas over decades is a harmless aspect of intrinsic skin aging, eruptive cherry angiomatosis—defined as the sudden eruption of dozens to hundreds of new vascular papules across the body within days to weeks—is an established cutaneous sign of internal pathology.

                      ERUPTIVE ANGIOMATOSIS DIAGNOSTIC PROTOCOL
                      
              SUDDEN OUTBREAK OF MULTIPLE NEW ANGIOMAS
                                 |
  +------------------------------+------------------------------+
  |                                                             |
PATIENT HISTORY REVIEW                               PHYSICAL & LAB EVALUATION
- Recent organ transplant?                           - Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- Immunosuppressive therapy?                         - Liver Function Panel (LFT)
- Chemical exposures (bromides, mustard)?            - Total Serum Prolactin
- Systemic B-symptoms (fever, weight loss)?          - Cutaneous Biopsy (rule out HHV-8)

Recognized Medical Associations

• Hematologic & Lymphoproliferative Disorders: Eruptive angiomas have been documented in association with multicentric Castleman disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and multiple myeloma.
• Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD): Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation who develop cutaneous GVHD frequently display eruptive angiomatosis following immune reconstitution.
• Viral Pathogens (HHV-8): Human herpesvirus-8 infection can drive endothelial proliferation, mimicking eruptive cherry angiomas or early Kaposi sarcoma.
• Chemical & Environmental Exposures: Occupational exposure to topical nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine), inorganic bromides, or industrial solvents containing 2-butoxyethanol has been shown to induce sudden capillary endothelial sprouting.
• Hormonal Surges & Pregnancy: Spikes in serum prolactin and human placental lactogen during pregnancy promote angioma formation; these lesions frequently show spontaneous partial regression postpartum.
• Idiopathic Cases Are Possible Too: An eruption does not automatically mean illness. A 2025 case series in Cureus (PMC12456670) documented eruptive cherry angiomatosis in three otherwise healthy women and linked onset to hormonal fluctuations — a reminder that while eruptive angiomas warrant the medical workup above to screen for the associations listed, they can also arise without any underlying disease. An association with internal malignancy (including, rarely, melanoma) has been reported in the broader literature, which is why a sudden crop is evaluated rather than ignored.

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Comprehensive Patient Scenarios & Clinical Algorithms

To assist clinicians and patients in selecting the appropriate pathway, the following scenarios illustrate real-world decision-making:

Scenario A: Fair-Skinned Patient with Multiple Small Trunk Spots

• Patient Profile: 48-year-old male, Fitzpatrick Type II skin, with 15 small (1–2 mm) flat cherry angiomas on the chest and abdomen.
• Clinical Recommendation: Pulsed Dye Laser (595 nm PDL) using a 7 mm spot size at 8.0 J/cm².
• Expected Course: Immediate purpura lasting 7 days; 90%+ clearance in 1 session; zero scar risk.

Scenario B: Dark-Skinned Patient with Large Raised Facial Angioma

• Patient Profile: 36-year-old female, Fitzpatrick Type V skin, with a single raised 4 mm dark red angioma on the cheek that bleeds when washing her face.
• Clinical Recommendation: Long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with contact cooling (3 mm spot size, 15 ms, 125 J/cm²) or micro-electrocautery with an insulated needle.
• Rationale: Avoids 532 nm KTP laser to prevent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Single pass clears elevated vessel volume cleanly.

Scenario C: Older Adult with Sudden Eruption of 80+ Angiomas

• Patient Profile: 62-year-old male presenting with over 80 new cherry angiomas appearing across his back and arms over 3 weeks, accompanied by mild fatigue.
• Clinical Action: Defer cosmetic laser removal. Initiate urgent medical workup including complete blood count with differential, liver panel, serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), and dermatologist evaluation to screen for lymphoproliferative disorders or internal paraneoplastic phenomena.

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Costs, Insurance, and At-Home Safety Warnings

Financial Math & Insurance Coverage

Because cherry angiomas are non-malignant and asymptomatic, health insurance carriers in the United States classify their removal as an elective cosmetic procedure.

• Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL) or 1064 Nd:YAG: $300 – $600 per session.
• Electrodessication: $200 – $400 per session.
• Cryotherapy: $150 – $300 per session.
• Tiered Clinic Pricing: Many dermatology practices charge a base fee (e.g., $250) covering up to 5 lesions, with an incremental charge ($20–$30) per additional spot.

Insurance coverage applies only if a lesion exhibits suspicious clinical features (ulceration, irregular pigment, rapid growth) requiring diagnostic excision or punch biopsy.

The Dangers of At-Home DIY Removal

A dangerous trend on social media involves attempting at-home removal using apple cider vinegar, iodine, high-concentration salicylic acid, home plasma pens, or burning thread tied around the base of the lesion.

Dermatologists strongly advise against DIY attempts:

1. Chemical Burns & Scarring: Applying concentrated vinegar or acids causes full-thickness chemical burns of surrounding healthy dermis, replacing a tiny red dot with a broad, permanent, hypopigmented or keloidal scar.
2. Uncontrolled Hemorrhage: Cherry angiomas consist of high-pressure capillary networks. Cutting them with unsterilized scissors or pins can cause persistent bleeding requiring emergency medical cautery.
3. Diagnostic Delay for Malignancy: Attempting to self-treat a changing red nodule that is actually an amelanotic melanoma delays life-saving oncologic intervention.

For broader decision frameworks regarding benign skin growths, read our guide on the diagnosis-first, cost-by-method framework used for benign skin lesions.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I remove a cherry angioma at home with apple cider vinegar or tea tree oil?

No. Chemical home remedies burn healthy surrounding skin and carry a high risk of scarring, bacterial infection, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. In-office laser or electrocautery coagulates the internal capillary core cleanly in seconds without damaging surrounding tissue.

Why am I suddenly getting lots of cherry angiomas?

Gradual accumulation of cherry angiomas over decades is normal genetics and intrinsic aging. However, if dozens of new spots appear suddenly over weeks, consult a physician promptly to screen for hormonal shifts, chemical exposures, immunosuppression, or hematologic conditions.

Will removing a cherry angioma leave a scar?

Pulsed dye laser (PDL) and long-pulsed 1064 nm Nd:YAG lasers leave negligible scarring when performed by an experienced practitioner. Electrocautery and cryotherapy carry a small risk of leaving a tiny pinpoint pale mark or mild depression.

Do cherry angiomas go away on their own or return after removal?

Established cherry angiomas rarely disappear spontaneously (except occasionally after pregnancy). Individual lesions treated successfully with laser or electrocautery almost never recur; however, your body may continue to develop new spots in untreated areas as you age.

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Sources

1. StatPearls — Cherry Hemangioma (Shrebershaw K, Sherman A, Burns S). NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563207
2. Buslach N, Foulad DP, et al. (2020) — Treatment Modalities for Cherry Angiomas: A Systematic Review. Dermatologic Surgery, 46(12):1691-1697. PubMed PMID: 33252464
3. PubMed Central (2025) — Idiopathic Eruptive Cherry Angiomatosis: A Case Series of Three Healthy Women. PMC12456670. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12456670/
4. Cleveland Clinic — Cherry Angioma Clinical Overview & Patient Management. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22786-cherry-angioma
5. American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) — Public Education: Benign Skin Growths and Vascular Lesions. https://www.aad.org/public