You open your smartphone camera, glance in the rear-view mirror, or catch your profile in bathroom lighting, and there they are: two or three deep, etched horizontal bands running across the middle of your neck.
In the beauty and wellness industry, these horizontal creases have been rebranded as "tech neck"—a modern affliction allegedly caused by staring down at smartphones, tablets, and laptops for hours every day. Skincare brands market specialized "firming neck creams," wellness influencers advocate posture exercises and lymphatic neck rolling, and med spa menus promise that a single laser session will permanently erase the lines.
Yet when you consult dermatologic surgeons and the peer-reviewed medical literature, an entirely different clinical reality emerges:
You were almost certainly born with these lines. Transverse cervical creases are natural anatomical flexural creases—identical in origin to the creases across your palms and inner wrists—present since early childhood.
In the medical literature, "tech neck" is not an indexed dermatologic diagnosis — PubMed records using the term refer almost entirely to posture-related neck pain in spine and musculoskeletal journals. Dermatology indexes these anatomical features as horizontal neck lines, transverse neck lines, or necklace lines.
While chronic forward head flexion (screen posture) acts as a mechanical folding accelerator, no published clinical study proves phone use alone creates neck creases in skin that was not already genetically and anatomically predisposed.
No topical cosmetic cream can erase an etched anatomical crease. However, the last several years have produced rigorous, randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses demonstrating that superficial hyaluronic acid (HA) skinboosters, micro-droplet filler injection, and targeted energy devices can measurably soften them.
Here is the definitive, evidence-graded guide to horizontal neck lines: what they anatomically are, why they deepen with age, what randomized trials reveal about injectables and devices, the crucial difference between horizontal lines and vertical platysma bands, and an objective breakdown of realistic costs and longevity.
Direct Answer: What Actually Works on Horizontal Neck Lines?
No treatment permanently erases horizontal neck lines because they are structural flexural creases where your neck naturally folds. However, significant clinical softening is achievable: superficial micro-droplet hyaluronic acid (HA) filler and skinboosters possess the highest level of randomized clinical trial evidence (achieving roughly 85% to 88% clinical response rates, with approximately 50% of patients seeking maintenance within 12 months); biostimulatory injectables (hyperdiluted calcium hydroxylapatite) and energy-based devices (focused ultrasound, radiofrequency microneedling) improve background skin elasticity; while topical retinoids and broad-spectrum sunscreen form the essential preventive foundation.
Importantly, botulinum toxin (Botox/Dysport) is not the first-line treatment for horizontal neck lines—it belongs primarily to dynamic vertical platysma muscle bands.
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│ THE HORIZONTAL NECK LINE EVIDENCE LADDER │
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┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐ ┌──────────────────┐
│ RUNG 1: PRIMARY │ │ RUNG 2: DERMAL │ │ RUNG 3: ENERGY │ │ RUNG 4: DAILY │
│ LINE SOFTENING │ │ BIOSTIMULATION │ │ TIGHTENING │ │ PREVENTION │
├──────────────────┤ ├──────────────────┤ ├──────────────────┤ ├──────────────────┤
│ • Superficial │ │ • Hyperdilute │ │ • Micro-Focused │ │ • Broad-Spectrum │
│ Micro-Droplet │ │ Radiesse (CaHA)│ │ Ultrasound │ │ SPF 50 (Daily) │
│ HA Filler / │ │ • Subcision + │ │ (Ulth/Sofwave)│ │ • Buffered │
│ Skinboosters │ │ PDLLA Infusion │ │ • RF Micro- │ │ Retinoids │
│ • 2026 Meta- │ │ • Dermal matrix │ │ needling │ │ • Ergonomic │
│ Analysis & RCTs│ │ thickening │ │ • Collagen stim. │ │ Screen Height │
│ • 85-88% response│ │ • Lasts 12–18 mo │ │ • Modest lift │ │ • Crease defense │
└──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘ └──────────────────┘Anatomy: Why Does Neck Skin Age Differently From Facial Skin?
To understand why horizontal neck lines form and why they are notoriously difficult to treat, you must examine the unique structural histology of the anterior cervical triangle:
ANATOMICAL COMPARISON: ANTERIOR NECK SKIN VS. FACIAL CHEEK SKIN
| HISTOLOGICAL FEATURE | ANTERIOR NECK SKIN | MID-FACE / CHEEK SKIN |
|---|---|---|
| Epidermal / Dermal Thickness | Significantly thinner (~0.5 to 0.8 mm dermis) | Substantially thicker dermis with dense collagen bundle networks |
| Sebaceous Gland & Follicular Units | Markedly sparse density (Slow re-epithelialization) | High density (rapid healing and continuous lipid mantle support) |
| Muscular Attachment | Directly invested into the superficial platysma muscle | Supported by organized SMAS and deep retaining facial ligaments |
| Mechanical Dynamics | Constant rotational, lateral, and flexural motion (folding) | Localized mimetic facial muscle contractions (zygomaticus, etc.) |
| Subcutaneous Support | Thin, easily attenuated superficial adipose layer | Robust deep and superficial malar fat compartments |
The Three Biological Drivers of Horizontal Neck Creasing
Congenital Flexural Anchoring: Just as skin folds over finger joints and wrists to allow movement, horizontal neck creases form along embryonic cleavage lines where the dermis has fibrous connections to the underlying superficial cervical fascia and platysma. Most individuals can find faint horizontal lines in photographs from when they were 5 or 10 years old.
Solar Elastosis and Dermal Atrophy: The anterior neck is constantly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation while being frequently neglected during daily sunscreen application. UV radiation upregulates matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), degrading type I/III collagen and fragmenting elastic fibers into clumped, non-functional solar elastosis. As dermal thickness declines by 1% to 2% per year after age 30, the skin loses its elastic recoil.
Repetitive Mechanical Flexion (The Posture Factor): When you look down at a mobile device held in your lap, your cervical spine flexes forward at angles up to 45° to 60°. This gravitational flexion folds the thin, sun-damaged neck skin along its pre-existing congenital creases for hours every day. Over years, this mechanical compression transitions temporary dynamic folds into permanently etched, static structural lines.
The Four-Problem Neck Diagnostic Matrix
Patients frequently visit aesthetic clinics asking to "fix my neck," assuming one single procedure treats all cervical concerns. In clinical practice, the neck presents four distinct anatomical problems requiring four completely different therapeutic paths:
DIAGNOSTIC MATRIX: THE FOUR CERVICAL AGING PROBLEMS
| ANATOMICAL CONCERN | CLINICAL PRESENTATION | PRIMARY PATHOLOGY | FIRST-LINE MEDICAL TREATMENT PATH |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Horizontal Neck Lines ("Tech Neck") | Etched transverse "necklace" rings across anterior neck | Dermal flexural creases, dermal thinning, elastosis | Superficial micro- droplet HA filler / skinboosters |
| 2. Vertical Platysma Bands | Prominent vertical muscular cords when talking or straining | Hyperactivity of the superficial platysma muscle borders | Botulinum toxin injections (Nefer- titi Lift technique) [Platysma Botox](/blog/botox-platysma-bands-neck-rejuvenation) |
| 3. Submental / Neck Fat | Fullness or "double chin" obscuring the cervicomental angle | Preplatysmal or subplatysmal adipose tissue accumulation | Submental lipo- suction, Kybella, or cryolipolysis |
| 4. Diffuse Crepey Neck Skin | Paper-thin, crinkled texture across lower neck and chest | Solar elastosis, loss of dermal elasticity, epidermal atrophy | Hyperdilute CaHA, RF microneedling [Crepey Skin Guide](/blog/crepey-skin-causes-treatments-evidence) |
Does Looking at Your Phone Really Cause Neck Lines?
The claim that smartphone use creates neck wrinkles is intuitive, heavily popularized by media headlines, and biologically plausible. However, evaluating the scientific literature requires distinguishing between causation and mechanical acceleration.
What the Medical Literature Actually Shows
Dermatology Indexing: "Tech neck" is not an indexed dermatologic diagnosis. The handful of PubMed records that use the term almost all concern posture-related neck pain in spine and musculoskeletal journals; dermatology and aesthetic-surgery literature classifies these creases as transverse cervical rhytides, horizontal neck lines, or necklace lines.
Mechanical Folding Research: In a landmark review of mechanical facial wrinkling, Anson, Kane, and Lambros (Aesthet Surg J 2016, PMID 27329660) described how external shear and compressive forces create distinct mechanical rhytides that differ from muscular expression lines. When skin is repeatedly compressed along natural cleavage lines, the constant mechanical buckling accelerates dermal remodeling into a permanent crease.
The Counter-Evidence (The Null Study): In a study of 100 women questioned about their sleep-side preference with blinded expert evaluation of facial photographs, Kotlus (Dermatol Surg 2013, PMID 23865987) found that preferred sleep side did not correlate with the side of the face showing more wrinkles or more ptosis. Fixed positional pressure alone, in other words, does not dictate where wrinkles form—intrinsic anatomy, genetics, and cumulative sun damage dominate.
The Verdict: Looking down at a smartphone does not spontaneously generate new anatomical creases out of nowhere. Rather, prolonged cervical flexion repeatedly buckles pre-existing congenital creases in skin that has already lost collagen and elastin from sun damage and chronological aging.
Clinical Evidence: What Works on Horizontal Neck Lines?
Over the past three years, the aesthetic medicine literature for horizontal neck lines has advanced significantly, moving from anecdotal clinic protocols to large multicenter randomized controlled trials and PRISMA-compliant systematic reviews.
CLINICAL EVIDENCE HIERARCHY FOR HORIZONTAL NECK LINE TREATMENTS
| STUDY / PUBLICATION | STUDY TYPE | POPULATION | KEY OUTCOMES & TRIAL NUMBERS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wong et al. 2026 Aesthet Surg J Open (PMID 41560960) | Systematic Review & Meta- Analysis | 11 studies; 379 patients | Pooled GAIS improvement of 1.75 (95% CI 1.53–1.96); wrinkle grade difference 1.43 (95% CI 0.72–2.15); 50% retreatment within 12 months; 14% mild transient complications. |
| Jiang et al. 2026 Clin Cosmet Investig (PMID 41873431) | Randomized Multicenter RCT | 188 subjects with moderate to severe neck wrinkles | Non-cross-linked HA composite achieved 88.30% vs 85.11% ATNLS responder rates at week 4 post-tx; no serious device-related events. |
| Yi et al. 2026 J Craniofac Surg (PMID 41839044) | Prospective Technique Evaluation | Clinical series | Subcision using carbon dioxide gas pneumatic dissection followed by PDLLA infusion for severe, tethered horizontal neck bands. |
| Rongthong et al. 2023 J Cosmet Dermatol (PMID 36575878) | Clinical Trial | 30 subjects | Belotero Balance (CPM-HA) by blunt cannula: benefits peaked at 1 month and partially declined by 3 months, persisting through 6 months. |
1. The 2026 Meta-Analysis: Hyaluronic Acid Fillers & Skinboosters
The definitive benchmark in neck-line treatment is the 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis published by Wong and colleagues in Aesthetic Surgery Journal Open Forum (PMID 41560960, PMC12813632).
Analyzing 11 clinical studies encompassing 379 patients, the investigators evaluated the efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid fillers specifically injected into horizontal neck lines.
Wrinkle Reduction: The pooled analysis demonstrated a statistically significant Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) improvement score of 1.75 (95% CI 1.53 to 1.96) and a validated neck wrinkle grading improvement of 1.43 (95% CI 0.72 to 2.15). Instrumental biophysical measurements confirmed significant gains in dermal hydration and skin elasticity.
Maintenance & Retreatment Reality: Crucially, the meta-analysis revealed that 50.0% of treated patients required or elected retreatment within 12 months, establishing that injectable neck treatments require recurring maintenance.
Safety Profile: The overall pooled complication rate was 14.0%, with all adverse events classified as mild and self-resolving (localized ecchymosis, transient injection papules, mild edema). Zero vascular occlusions or permanent granulomas were reported.
2. The 2026 Jiang Multicenter Randomized Trial (n = 188)
In the largest prospective, evaluator-blinded, parallel-controlled randomized trial conducted on neck rhytides to date, Jiang and colleagues (Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2026, PMID 41873431) evaluated 188 patients with moderate-to-severe transverse neck lines receiving three sessions of a non-cross-linked HA composite solution at 4-week intervals:
At 4 weeks following the final treatment, the Allergan Transverse Neck Lines Scale (ATNLS) responder rate reached 88.30% in the treatment arm versus 85.11% in the active control arm, establishing robust non-inferiority.
Adverse events occurred in 27.66% versus 40.43% of participants—predominantly minor injection-site bruising—with zero serious procedure-related adverse events.
Registered Clinical Trial Pipeline for Neck Lines
A systematic search of the international clinical trial registries reveals that pharmaceutical and device manufacturers are actively conducting late-stage trials to secure formal regulatory indications for neck rejuvenation:
REGISTERED CLINICAL TRIAL PIPELINE: TRANSVERSE NECK LINES
| NCT NUMBER | INTERVENTION / PRODUCT | ENROLLMENT | PHASE / DESIGN | CURRENT STATUS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT05741034 | Juvéderm Volite gel filler for transverse neck lines (China) | 159 adults with mod-sev neck lines | Phase 3 Randomized Controlled | Completed Dec 9, 2024 (not US PMA) |
| NCT05316233 | Juvéderm Volite XC injectable gel for neck appearance | 159 subjects | US Phase 3 (US PMA S099 trial) | Completed Sept 12, 2024; indication now approved |
| NCT05349799 | TEOSYAL RHA 1 for neck lines, perioral lines, smiling lines | 67 subjects | Prospective Clinical Study | Unknown (registry lapse; last update 2021) |
| NCT01299090 | Pellevé monopolar radiofrequency for neck wrinkles | 49 subjects | Single-arm Efficacy Trial | Completed |
| NCT03409965 | Infini RF microneedling + LaseMD fractional laser for face and neck | 21 subjects | Combination Protocol Trial | Completed |
That pipeline is no longer only “in review.” On June 11, 2026, FDA approved Skinvive’s neck-lines indication (P110033/S099) on the US study NCT05316233. NCT05741034 is the China Volite program and is not the US PMA trial. Indication limits and the darker-skin-tone study gap: Skinvive neck FDA approval.
Procedural Modalities: Techniques, Energy, and Biostimulators
Treating horizontal neck lines requires meticulous clinical technique. Because anterior neck skin is sub-millimeter thin, improper depth of injection can result in visible lumpiness or the bluish "Tyndall effect."
PROCEDURAL MODALITIES FOR HORIZONTAL NECK LINES COMPARISON
| TREATMENT MODALITY | CLINICAL MECHANISM | RECOVERY DOWNTIME | EXPECTED CLINICAL RESULT & DURATION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Superficial HA Micro-Droplets / Blanching Technique | Direct intradermal hydration; physical dermal plumping | 24–48 hours (micro- blebs/bruise | Significant line softening for 6 to 12 months. (50% retreat within 1 yr) |
| Hyperdiluted CaHA (Radiesse 1:2 / 1:4) | Fibroblast neo- collagenesis and elastin stimulation | 24–72 hours (diffuse swelling) | Progressive dermal thicken- ing and crepiness reduction lasting 12 to 18 months. |
| Focused Ultrasound (MFU: Ultherapy; parallel-beam: Sofwave) | Thermal coagulation points in dermis / SMAS (1.5–4.5 mm) | None (transient erythema) | Modest tissue tightening; peak results at 90–180 days lasting 12 to 24 months. |
| Radiofrequency (RF) Microneedling (Sylfirm X, Potenza) | Fractionated thermal injury to papillary & reticular dermis | 2–4 days (grid marks, redness) | Improved skin texture and subtle contraction; series of 3 sessions. |
| Subcision + PDLLA Gas Dissection (Yi et al. 2026) | Mechanical release of tethered scar tissue + biostimulation | 3–5 days (ecchymosis, tenderness) | Durable softening of deep, tethered fibrous bands. |
1. The Superficial Micro-Puncture "Blanching" Technique
To safely treat etched transverse creases without creating visible ridges, experienced injectors use low-elasticity (low $G'$), highly cohesive hyaluronic acid gels (such as Belotero Balance, RHA 1, or Skinvive):
The product is delivered with a 30G or 32G needle into the superficial papillary dermis at a 10° to 15° angle.
Tiny micro-droplets (0.01 to 0.02 mL per injection point) are placed 2 to 3 millimeters apart directly along the crease.
A transient, chalky white "blanching" wheal forms, which resolves within 30 to 60 minutes as the hydrophilic HA disperses evenly into the dermal matrix.
2. Hyperdiluted Calcium Hydroxylapatite (Radiesse)
For patients who exhibit both horizontal lines and diffuse crepey skin across the neck:
Calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) microspheres are hyperdiluted with saline and lidocaine at ratios of 1:2, 1:4, or 1:6 (as detailed in the Hyperdilute Radiesse Protocols).
Using a 25G or 27G blunt cannula, the fluid is distributed in a fanning pattern across the subcutaneous plane. Over 12 to 24 weeks, the CaHA microspheres stimulate macrophage activation and fibroblast secretion of new type I collagen and elastin networks.
Skin of Color Safety: Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)
When treating the neck in patients with Fitzpatrick Skin Types IV through VI, practitioners must exercise heightened clinical caution:
The PIH Hazard: Because neck skin contains fewer sebaceous units and has a thinner dermal blood supply than facial skin, thermal injuries heal more slowly and trigger prolonged melanocyte hyperactivity. Aggressive ablative CO₂ lasers or deep chemical peels applied to the neck carry an unacceptably high risk of severe, persistent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and hypertrophic scarring.
Safer Modalities for Darker Skin Tones:
Superficial HA Micro-Droplets / Skinboosters: Zero thermal injury; lowest risk of PIH.
Insulated RF Microneedling: Delivers radiofrequency energy strictly into the reticular dermis while insulating the epidermal melanocyte layer.
Sofwave (parallel-beam ultrasound): Delivers synchronized ultrasound beams at a fixed 1.5 mm dermal depth, entirely bypassing epidermal melanin.
Realistic Cost and Longevity Breakdown
Treating horizontal neck lines requires ongoing budgeting. Because the neck constantly moves, filler and skinbooster products break down more rapidly than in static facial zones.
NECK TREATMENT COST, SESSIONS, AND MAINTENANCE MATRIX
| PROCEDURE | AVERAGE COST PER SESSION | TYPICAL INITIAL TX | ANNUAL MAINTENANCE BUDGET (YEAR 2+) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Superficial HA Filler (1–2 syringes Belotero/ RHA 1/Skinvive) | $650 – $1,200 per session | 1 – 2 sessions | $650 – $1,200 (Retreatment every 9 to 12 months) |
| Hyperdiluted Radiesse (1 syringe CaHA diluted) | $800 – $1,500 per syringe | 1 – 2 sessions | $800 – $1,500 (Retreatment every 12 to 18 months) |
| RF Microneedling (Full neck pass) | $800 – $1,400 per session | 3 sessions (4 wks apart = $2,400+) | $800 – $1,400 (Single maintenance session per year) |
| Focused Ultrasound (Ultherapy / Sofwave) | $1,500 – $2,800 per treatment | 1 session | $1,500 – $2,800 (Retreatment every 18 to 24 months) |
| Daily Topical Defense (SPF 50 + Retinoid) | $30 – $80 per bottle | Ongoing daily | $120 – $250 per year |
Pricing Methodology Note: Representative U.S. national aesthetic clinic ranges recorded August 2026. Costs vary based on geographic market, injector credentials (board-certified dermatologist or plastic surgeon vs. med spa nurse injector), and product volume required.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are tech neck lines permanent?
Without procedural intervention, established horizontal neck lines are permanent anatomical creases that deepen with age. However, they can be significantly softened (often by 50% to 80% on clinical grading scales) with superficial hyaluronic acid filler or skinbooster micro-injections.
Can you remove horizontal neck lines naturally with exercises?
No. Facial yoga and neck stretching exercises strengthen the underlying platysma and sternocleidomastoid muscles, but they do not rebuild depleted dermal collagen or erase dermal creases. In fact, repetitive stretching and grimacing can actually increase mechanical shear on fragile neck skin, worsening crease depth.
Why doesn't Botox fix horizontal neck lines?
Botulinum toxin works by blocking acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, relaxing hyperactive muscles. While Botox is highly effective for vertical platysma bands (which are active muscle cords), horizontal neck lines are static dermal creases etched into the skin itself. Injecting neurotoxin into horizontal lines does not plump the dermal crease and carries risks of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or neck weakness if injected incorrectly.
How many sessions of filler does it take to treat neck lines?
Most patients achieve optimal results after 1 to 2 treatment sessions spaced 4 to 6 weeks apart. As demonstrated in the 2026 Wong meta-analysis, approximately half of all patients maintain satisfactory correction at 12 months, after which a single maintenance syringe is typically recommended.
Is neck filler safe?
When performed by a board-certified dermatologist, plastic surgeon, or experienced facial plastic surgeon using superficial micro-droplet or blunt cannula techniques, neck filler has an excellent safety profile. The 2026 meta-analysis found a 14% rate of complications, all of which were mild and temporary (bruising, swelling, small transient bumps). Deep injections in the neck must be avoided due to the proximity of the anterior jugular veins and carotid vessels.
Summary: The Evidence-Based Neck Protocol
THE EVIDENCE-BASED ACTION PROTOCOL
| CLINICAL SCENARIO | RECOMMENDED ACTION PLAN |
|---|---|
| 1. Mild / Early Horizontal Lines (Age 20s–30s; prevention focus) | • Apply broad-spectrum SPF 50 daily to the neck. • Introduce a buffered, low-strength facial retinoid to anterior neck 2–3 nights/week. • Raise computer monitor and phone to eye level. |
| 2. Moderate to Severe Etched Horizontal Creases | • Consult a board-certified provider for super- ficial micro-droplet HA filler (Belotero/RHA 1) or non-crosslinked HA composite skinboosters. • Plan for 1–2 initial sessions and annual upkeep. |
| 3. Horizontal Lines + Diffuse Crepiness / Sun Damage | • Combine superficial HA line filling with hyper- diluted Radiesse (1:2 or 1:4) or RF microneedling to restore global dermal collagen density. |
| 4. Prominent Vertical Neck Cords (When speaking or tensing) | • Route directly to botulinum toxin (Botox/Dysport) for platysma bands; do not expect toxin to fix horizontal rings. [Platysma Guide](/blog/botox-platysma-bands-neck-rejuvenation) |
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Jiang M, Cheng H, Li Y, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Filler for Neck Wrinkles: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2026;19:586105. doi:10.2147/CCID.S586105. PubMed
Yi KH, Lee S, Noda S, et al. Carbon Dioxide Gas-Assisted Subcision and PDLLA Infusion for Horizontal Neck Lines. J Craniofac Surg. 2026. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000012546. PubMed
Rongthong A, Wanitphakdeedecha R, Maiprasert M, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid filler on the treatment of horizontal neck lines. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2023;22(2):433-438. doi:10.1111/jocd.15539. PubMed
Levy PM. Neurotoxins: Current Concepts in Cosmetic Use on the Face and Neck—Jawline Contouring/Platysma Bands/Necklace Lines. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;136(5 Suppl):80S-83S. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000001841. PubMed
Anson G, Kane MA, Lambros V. Sleep Wrinkles: Facial Aging and Facial Distortion During Sleep. Aesthet Surg J. 2016;36(8):931-940. doi:10.1093/asj/sjw074. PubMed
Kotlus JB. Effect of sleep position on perceived facial aging. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(9):1360-1362. doi:10.1111/dsu.12266. PubMed
ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05741034: JUVÉDERM VOLITE Injectable Gel for Transverse Neck Lines in Chinese Adults (Phase 3). Available at: ClinicalTrials.gov
ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT05349799: TEOSYAL RHA 1 for Neck Lines, Perioral Lines and Smiling Lines. Available at: ClinicalTrials.gov
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